BAB I
INTRODUCTION
A. Background
One approach to the study emphasize
that human language as the language use affect the nature of language units.
His reaction to the language becomes part of the data that must be learned in
the study of language, because the assumption in the reaction is part of the
definition of the structure of language. List and types of objects found
language users will be very different because it depends on the theory that it
holds. The theory used will bring some of the implications, because the theory
is a part of the observer. Implications it is
1. different theories form different
observers,
2. different observers see different
objects or the same object but perceive it arranged differently,
3. structure at certain limits must be
part of data from an adequate theory of language. This is evident from a trip
linguistic flow ranging from traditional, structural, transformational, and
tagmemes.
The oldest linguistic flow is the
flow of Traditional (IV century) pioneered by Plato and Aristotle using the
basic philosophy. Grammar they called Normative grammar. Grammatical criteria
set by the rules strictly and consistently. This flow is still confuse language
in the true sense with writing. Figures include: Zaandvoort, CA Mees, Van
Ophuysen, RO Winstedt, Poedjawijatna, Tardjan Hadidjaja.
In line with the thinking A Cook
(1969: 7) which states that: "Tagmemic the model, the model of the
resulting tagmemic contains a grammar, a lexicon, and phonological component.
Tagmemic analysis is a set of procedure of f the description of language, with
a basic grammatical unit called tagmemes mapped into string-type constructions
located at specific levels in grammar. The system was designed to meet correct
field problems. Because of the large number of linguistist who have come to use
the system and the frequency of Reviews their publications, the system of
tagmemic Analyisis is now of the major systems of modern linguistics analysis
in science. "
According
to A Cook
(1969: 7) explained
that tagmemes is
"This unit was lebeled
the tagmemes, tagmemes
from the greek word
meaning" arrangement "and posited as
the fundamental unit
of grammatical arrangement,
corresponding to the units of sound in phonology and the
units of meaningful
form in morphology."
Tagmemes
flow of interest to be discussed, as well as the development of
linguistic flow past;
because the sphere is complex analytical models ranging from morpheme
to discourse, also
tagmemes is a linguistic
theory that an electric and eclectic who
chose certain elements are suitable to be
combined into a single entity in
the analysis model.
B.
problem
formulation
1. How
many part of tagmemic analysis!
2. How
to writing the formula!
C.
Destination
The
destination of this paper is :
1.
To complete on of test English Syntax
2.
To know how part of tagmemic analysis
BAB II
CONTENT
A.
TAGMEMIC ANALYSIS
a.
Data
Firemen Had Been Fighting The Forest fire for three weeks
before they could get it under control. A short time before, great trees had
covered the country side for miles around. Now, smoke till rose up from the
warm ground over the desolate hills. Winter was coming on the hills threatened
the surrounding villages with destruction. Heavy rain would not only was away
the soil but would cause serious flood as well. When the fire had a last been
put out, the forest authorities ordered several tons of a special type of grass
seed which would grow quickly. seed was sprayed over the ground in huge
quantities by aeroplanes. The planes had been planting seed for a month when it
began to rain. By the times, however in many places the grass had already taken
root. In place of the great trees which had been growing three for countries,
patches of green had begun to appear in the blackened soil. (Alexander,
1985;153)
b.
Procedures
The
procedures taken for the analysis of the data or text are as follows;
1. Idetifying and classifying all the
sentences in the text based on the number and type of clauses that form them,
2. Idetifying and classifying all the
clause based on the types of verb filling the predicates,
3. Idetifying and classifying all the
phrase based on the categories of words that become their heads,
4. Idetifying and classifying all
complex words,
5. Writing the formulas for sentence,
clause, phrase, and word structure
c.
Analysis
1.
Identification and classification of
the sentences
All the sentences in the text are identified and classified
according to the number and kind of the clauses that from them. Accordingly we
have simple sentences, namely, sentences, namely. Sentences, consisting of the
one independent clause; complex sentences; namely; sentences; consisting of one
independent
clause and one or more dependent clause; and compound sentences, namely,
sentences consisting of two or more independent clause connected by a
connector.
a.
Simple sentence
1) A short time before, great trees had
covered the country side for miles around.
2) Now, smoke still rose up from the
warm ground over the desolate hills.
3) The seed was sprayed over the ground
in large quantities by aeroplanes.
4) By that times, however, in many
places the grass had already taken root.
b.
Complex sentences
1) Firemen had been firhting the forest
fire for three weeks before they could get it under control
2) When the fire had at last been put
out, the forest authorities ordered several tons of special type of grass see
which would grow quickly
3) The planes had been planting seed
for a month when it began to rain
4) In place of the great trees which
had been growing there for centuries, patches of green had begun to appear in
the blackened soil.
c.
Compound sentences
1) Winter was coming on and the hills
threatened the surrounding villages with destruction.
2) Heavy rain would not only wash away
the soil, but would cause serious floods as well.
2.
Identification and classification of
clause
All
the clauses in the text are identified and classified according to the type of
verbs which fill the predicates. Accordingly, we have transitive clauses, namely, clauses whose, predicates
are filled by transitive verbs; and equative clouses, namely, clouses whose
predicates are filled by equative verbs.
a. Transitive clouses
1.
Firemen had been fighting the forest fire for
three weeks
2.
…
they could get it under control
3.
A
short time before, great trees had covered the country side for miles around.
4.
…
the hills threatened the surrounding villages with destruction
5.
Heave rain would get only wash away the soil…
6.
…
(Heavy rain) would cause serious floods as well
7.
…
the fire had at last been put out
8.
…
the forest authorities ordered several tons of a special type of grass-seed
9.
The seed was sprayed over the ground in huge quantities by aero planes
10.The
planes had been planting seed for a month
11.
By that time, however, in many places
the grass had already taken root.
b. Intransitive Clauses
1.
Now, smoke still rose up from the warm
ground over the desolate hills
2.
Winter was coming on…
3.
… which would grow quickly
4.
… it began to rain
5.
In place of the great tress … patches of
green had began to appear in the blackened soil
6.
… which had been growing there for
centuries.
3.
Identification
and classification of phrases
All
the phrases in the text are identified and classified according to whether they
are centered or non-centered. Centered phrases are identified and classified
according to the categories of words which become the heads, and non-centered
phrases are phrases that begin with prepositions or relaters.
a. Noun phrases
1.
The hills
2.
The soil
3.
The fire
4.
The seed
5.
The ground
6.
The planes
7.
The grass
8.
a month
9.
three weeks
10. several
tons
11. many
places
12. Great
trees
13. Heavy
rain
14. Serious
floods
15. Huge
quantities
16. The
forest fire
17. A
short time
18. The
country side
19. The
warm ground
20. The
desolate hills
21. The
surrounding villages
22. A
special type
23. The
great trees
24. The
blackened soil
b. Verb phrases
1.
Could get
2.
Had covered
3.
Was coming (on)
4.
Would wash
5.
Would cause
6.
Would grow
7.
Was sprayed
8.
Had taken
9.
Had been fighting
10. Had
been put (out)
11. Had
been planting
12. Had
been growing
13. Began
to rain
14. Had
been to appear
c. Relater-Axis phrases
1.
For three weeks
2.
Under control
3.
For miles
4.
From the warm ground
5.
Over the desolate hills
6.
With destruction
7.
Of a special type
8.
Of grass seed
9.
Over the ground
10. In
huge quantities
11. For
a month
12. In
many places
13. In
place
14. Of
the great trees
15. For
centuries
16. In
the blackened soil
4. Identification and classification
of complex words
a. Inflections
1. Noun
a.
Firemen
b.
Weeks
c.
Hills
d.
Villages
e.
Floods
f.
Authorities
g.
Tons
h.
Quantities
i.
Aeroplanes
j.
Palnes
k.
places
l.
Trees
m.
Centuries
n.
Patches
2. Verbs
a.
Fighting
b.
Rose
c.
Ordered
d.
Sprayed
e.
Began
f.
Taken
g.
Begun
b. Derivations
1. Nouns
a.
Destruction
b.
Authority
2. Adjectives
a.
Surrounding
b.
Blackened
3. Adverbs
a.
Nearly
b.
Quickly
c.
5.
writing
the formulas
a.
Sentences
level formulas
1)
Simples
sentences
All
simple sentences consist of two tagmemes; namely (1) the base tagmemes and (2)
the intonation of tagmemes. The base
tagmemes is the correlation of the base slot and the independent clause which
fill it; and the intonation tagmemes correlation of the intonation slot and the
final intonation contour which fills it. From the simple sentences on page 70-71, we can identify all the
independent clause as follows:
a) a
short time before, great trees had covered the country side for miles around
b) now,
smoke still rose up from the warm ground over the desolate hills
c) the
seed was sprayed over the ground in huge quantities by aeroplanes
d) by
that time, however in many places in the grass had already taken root.
in
uttering these independent clauses, it is clear they all end in the same final
intonation contour, that is the falling intonation commonly indicated with 231↓. Thus, the structure of
simple sentences can, therefore, be
shown as follows;
(simple)
sent=+Base:IndCl –into:ICF/231↓
Raed:
a simple sentences consist of a base slot filled by an independent clause and
an intonation slot filled by a final intonation contour or 231↓.
2) Complex
Sentences
the
complex sentences Firemen had been fighting the forest fire for three weeks
before the could get it under control consists of three tagmemes: (1) the
base slot filled by independent clause firemen had been fighting fire for
three weeks. (2) the margin slot
filled by the dependent clause before they could get it under control,
and (3) intonation slot filled by the final intonation contour, 231↓. Thus, the
formula for this complex sentences can be written as follows:
(complex) sent = +Base:IndCl
±marg:DepCl –ICF/231↓.
Read : A (complex)
sentences consists of a base slot filled by a non-final independent clause
followed by a margin slot filled by an dependent clause, and an intonation slot
filled by a final intonation contour or 231↓.
As a matter of fact,
the independent clause can also be uttered with non-final intonation contour
(ICN) commonly indicated with 233↓.
3)
Compound
Sentences
The first compound
sentence Winter was coming on and the hills threatened the surrounding
villages with destruction consists of fout tagmemes, namely, two base slots
filled respectively by the independent clauses winter was coming on and the
hills threatened the surrounding villages with destruction, one connector and
and one intonation slot filled by the final intonation contour, 231↓.. the
formulas for this compound sentences can, therefore be written as follows:
(compound) sent =
+Base1:IndCl +Con:con +Base2:IndCl –Into:ICF/231↓.
Raed: a (compound)
sentences consists of a base slot filled by an independent clause,a connector
slot filled by a connector, a base slot filled by an independent clause, and an
intonation slot filled by a final intonation contour 231↓.
b. Clause Level Formulas
1)
Transitive
Clauses
The transitive clause Firemen had
been fighting the forest fire for three weeks consists
of four tagmemes , namely, (1) the subject tagmeme, that is, the
correlation of the subject slot and the noun firemen , (2) the predicate tagmeme, that is , the
correlation of the predicate slot and the transitive verb phrase had been
fighting , (3) the object tagmeme, that is , the correlation of the object
slot and the noun phrase the forest fire
and (4) the temporal tagmeme, that is , the correlation of the temporal slot and the realter-axis
phrase for three eeks. Thus the structure
of this transitive clause can be shown in the following formula:
tCl: +S:n +P:tV +O:N +Tem:RA
read: A transitive clause consists of a
subject slot filled by a noun, a predicate slot filled by a transitive verb
phrase, an object slit filled by a noun phrase, and a temporal slot filled by a
relater-axis phrase.
2) Intransitive clause
The intransitive clause Now, smoke
still rose up from the warm ground over the desolate hills consist of four
tagmemes: (1) the temporal tagmeme, that
is the correlation of the adverb now, (2) the subject tagmeme, that is , the
correlation of the subject slot and the noun smoke (3) the predicate
tagmeme that is the correlation of the predicate slot and the intransitive verb
phrase still rose up and (4) the
location tagmeme that is the correlation of the location slot and the
relater-axis phrase from the warm ground over the desolate hills. The
formula for this intransitive clause can be written as follow:
iCl+ +Tem:adv +S:n +P:iV +Loc:RA
read: a an intransitive clause consists
of a temporal slot filled by an adverb, the subject slot filled by a noun, a
predicate slot filled by an intransitive verb phrase , and a location slot
filled by a relater-axis phrase.
d.
Phrase
Level Formulas
1.
Noun
Phrses
The noun phrase the
hills, the soil, the fire, the seed, the ground, the planes, the gress, and a
month consist of two tagmemes, namely:
·
The determiner tagmeme, that is the
correlation of the determiner slot and the article the or a
·
The head tagmeme, that is, the
correlation of the head slot and the noun weeks, tons and places. Thus, the formula
for the for these noun phrase can be written as follows:
N = Det: art + H:n
Read: A noun phrase
consist of a determiner slot filled by an article and a head slot filled by a
noun
2.
Verb
Phrase
The Verb Phrase could
get, had covered, had been put, had been planting,
consist of three tagmeme
·
Auxiliary had
·
Auxiliary tagmeme, that is, the
correlation of the auxiliary been
·
The head tagmeme
N= ±Det:art/num ±Mod:adj/n
+H:n
3.
Relater-
axis Phrase
The Relater- axis
phrase. In the blackened soil consist
two tagmemes:
·
The Relater- axis tagmemes, that is the
correlation of the relater slot and the relaters for, under, from,
over, with, of, in
·
The axis tagmemes, that is the
correlation of the axis slot and the noun control, miles, place,
destruction, and countries.
RA = Rel: rel+ Ax: n/N
Read: a relater- axis
consist of a relater slot filled by a relater an axis slot filled by a noun or
noun phrase.
e. Word Level Formulas
1. Inflection
a. Nouns
n = +nnuc:ns +num:numm/plzr
Read : A noun consists of a noun nucleus slot
filled by a noun stem and a number slot
filled by a number marker or pluralizer.
b. Verb
v = +vn:vs +t:tm
Read : A verb consists
of an verb nucleus slot filled by a verb stem and a tense slot filled by a
tense marker.
2.
Derivations
a.
Noun
n
= +core:vs/ns +nom:-ion/ity
Read : A noun consists of a core slot slot
filled by a verb stem or a noun stem and s nominalizer slot filled by –ion or
–ity.
b. Adjective
adj = +core:vs + adjzr:-ing/ed
Read : An adjective consists of a core slot
filled by a verb stem and an adjectivizer slot filled by –ing or –ed
c. Advebs
Adv = +core: adjs +advzr:-ly
Read : An adverb consists of a core
tagmeme filled by an adjective stem and an adverbializer slot filled by –ly.
3.
Summary
The
result of the analysis are summarized in this section into the two components
of the tagmemic model, namely, the grammar and lexicon. The grammar is a series
of syntactic statement concerning sentence, clause, phrase, and word level
structure. Each construction at each level is formulated in terms of tamemeic
units, which explicity give the function and the from of each elements in the
construction. In the meantime, the lexicon lists the form units of language,
together with their classification and gloss.
1. Grammar
a. Sentence Level constructions
(Simple)
sent = +Base:indCl-Into:ICF/231
(Complex)
Sent=+Base :IndCl ± Marg : DepCl-Into :ICF/231
(Compound)
Sent =+ Base1 :IndCl +Con :con + Base2: IndCl – Into
:ICF/231
b.
Clause
Level Constructions
tCl = ± I:i + S:n/N
+P:tv/Tv +O:n/N + M:RA±Loc:Tem :RA ±
Ag:RA
iCl = ± I:RA + S : n/N + P:iv/Iv ± M :adv ± Loc :
adv/RA ±Tem :adv/RA
c.
Phrase
Level Constructions
N = ±Det:art/num ± Mod
: adj/n + H:n
V =±Aux :aux ±Aux :aux
+ H :v± Mod : inf
RA =Rel : rel +Ax :n/N
d.
Word
Level Constructions
1)
Inflections
n= +nnuc :ns +num
:numm/plzr
v =vnuc : vs +t : tm
2)
.Derivations
n = core:vs/ns +nom: -ion/-ity
adj = core: vs +adjzr:
-ing/ -ed
adv = + core :adjs
+advzr : -iy
2.
Lexicon
a
.Noun system
Nouns : Firemen
Forest
Fire
Weeks
Rain
Pronouns : they and it
Determiners :the
three
several
a
Adjectives : Short
Great
Warm
heavy
serious
Relaters : for
Under
From
Over
With
b
Verb System
Verbs : fighting
get
covered
rise (up)
comong (up)
Auxiliaries : had
Been
could
was
would
Negative : Not
Adverbs : Before
Around
Now
Only
Last
BAB III
CLOSING
A. CONCLUSION
Tagmemes
linguistic flow is
eclectic stream that
requires a detailed explanation ability level data in the study of morphological
and syntactic structure.
Tagmemik openness in the field of study that
does not separate between morphology and syntax makes
the object of study is very broad. However,
linguistic analysis tagmeme presenting very
detailed syntactic structure into which refers to
the universal nature of the language.
B.
SUGGESTION
So this paper that have arranged by our group. We
hope this paper can be usefull and can received well by other. But as an
ordinary human who did not escape the short comings, we also expect criticism
and suggestions which help to repair the mistake of our paper and the last
thank you so much.
REFERENCE
Alexander, L. G. 1985. Practice and prodgress. Yogyakarta:
percetakan offset Kanisius.
Cook, walter A. 1969. Introduction to tagmemic Analysis.
London: Ho;t Rinehart and Winston Inc.
Elson, Bnjamin & Picket, Velma.
1964. An Introduction to Morphology and
syntax. Santa Ana: Summer Institute Of Linguistic.
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